{ "id": "changes", "title": "Announced tax, benefit and levy changes, with official costings", "generatedAt": "2026-09-29T01:00:03.501Z", "geography": { "code": "K02000001", "name": "United Kingdom" }, "sources": [ { "id": "obr-policy-measures", "name": "Policy measures database, March 2026", "publisher": "Office for Budget Responsibility", "url": "https://obr.uk/data/", "file": "https://obr.uk/download/policy-measures-database/", "published": "2026-03-03", "edition": "March 2026", "licence": "ogl-3" }, { "id": "hmt-budget-2025", "name": "Budget 2025: supporting documents (Table 4.1 policy decisions, Table 4.2, Policy costings)", "publisher": "HM Treasury", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/supporting-documents-for-budget-2025", "published": "2025-11-26", "edition": "Budget 2025", "licence": "ogl-3" }, { "id": "hmt-impact-on-households-2025", "name": "Impact on households: distributional analysis to accompany Budget 2025", "publisher": "HM Treasury", "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/69269c6222424e25e6bc31bb/Impact_on_households.pdf", "published": "2025-11-26", "edition": "Budget 2025", "licence": "ogl-3" }, { "id": "rf-stairway-to-headroom", "name": "Stairway to headroom: putting the Autumn Budget 2025 decisions into context", "publisher": "Resolution Foundation", "url": "https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2025/11/Stairway-to-headroom.pdf", "published": "2025-11-27", "edition": null, "licence": "cited" } ], "data": { "asOf": "2026-09-29", "events": [ { "id": "autumn-budget-2024", "name": "Autumn Budget 2024", "date": "2024-10-30", "status": "held", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/autumn-budget-2024", "obr": "https://obr.uk/efo/economic-and-fiscal-outlook-october-2024/", "inDatabase": true }, { "id": "spring-statement-2025", "name": "Spring Statement 2025", "date": "2025-03-26", "status": "held", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/supporting-documents-for-spring-statement-2025", "obr": "https://obr.uk/efo/economic-and-fiscal-outlook-march-2025/", "inDatabase": true }, { "id": "budget-2025", "name": "Budget 2025", "date": "2025-11-26", "status": "held", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/supporting-documents-for-budget-2025", "obr": "https://obr.uk/efo/economic-and-fiscal-outlook-november-2025/", "inDatabase": true }, { "id": "spring-forecast-2026", "name": "Spring Forecast 2026", "date": "2026-03-03", "status": "held", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/spring-forecast-2026-speech", "obr": "https://obr.uk/efo/economic-and-fiscal-outlook-march-2026/", "note": "An OBR forecast and a statement. 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The OBR publishes its forecast the same day." }, "latestInDatabase": "Spring Forecast 2026", "changes": [ { "id": "energy-bills-150", "title": "About £150 off energy bills", "what": "The Energy Company Obligation ends and the Exchequer pays 75% of the household share of the Renewables Obligation from 2026-27 to 2028-29, instead of both being charged through bills.", "category": "energy", "start": "2026-04-01", "end": "2029-03-31", "timing": "started", "status": "in-force", "who": "Every household paying for electricity; the cost moves from bills to general taxation.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -2580, "2027-28": -2101, "2028-29": -2196, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -2580, "2027-28": -2100, "2028-29": -2195, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1 (Renewables Obligation funding)", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HM Treasury, Budget 2025", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/budget-2025-document" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "Typical household, the government's estimate", "amount": 150, "per": "year", "note": "Ending the Energy Company Obligation has no scorecard line because it was funded through bills." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "business-rates-2026", "title": "New business rates multipliers", "what": "After the 2026 revaluation, business rates use five multipliers: 43.2p and 48p for small and standard properties, lower rates of 38.2p and 43p for retail, hospitality and leisure, and 50.8p for properties with a rateable value of £500,000 or more. Transitional relief caps bill increases.", "category": "business", "start": "2026-04-01", "end": null, "timing": "started", "status": "in-force", "who": "Ratepayers in England.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 40, "2026-27": -2190, "2027-28": -1350, "2028-29": -850, "2029-30": 50, "2030-31": 30 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1 lines 18 and 19 combined", "basis": "scorecard" }, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HM Treasury, Effects of the business rates retail, hospitality and leisure multipliers and high-value multiplier", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/effects-of-the-business-rates-retail-hospitality-and-leisure-multipliers-and-high-value-multiplier" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "dividend-rates", "title": "Higher tax rates on dividends", "what": "The ordinary and upper rates of dividend tax rise by 2 points, to 10.75% and 35.75%. The additional rate is unchanged.", "category": "savings-and-investment", "start": "2026-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "started", "status": "in-force", "who": "People with dividend income above the £500 dividend allowance, outside ISAs and pensions.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 278, "2027-28": 987, "2028-29": 1162, "2029-30": 1327, "2030-31": 1390 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 280, "2027-28": 985, "2028-29": 1160, "2029-30": 1325, "2030-31": 1390 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Changes to tax rates for property, savings and dividend income", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/changes-to-tax-rates-for-property-savings-and-dividend-income" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "£5,000 of dividends outside an ISA, basic or higher rate", "amount": 90, "per": "year", "note": "2 percentage points on £4,500 (after a £500 allowance)." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "apr-bpr", "title": "Inheritance tax relief for farms and businesses limited", "what": "Full relief from inheritance tax on agricultural and business property applies to the first £2.5 million, with 50% relief above that. The allowance can pass between spouses.", "category": "inheritance", "start": "2026-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "started", "status": "in-force", "who": "Estates with farms, business assets or AIM shares worth more than the allowance.", "affected": null, "announced": "Autumn Budget 2024; allowance raised to £2.5 million in December 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 136, "2027-28": 290, "2028-29": 309, "2029-30": 312, "2030-31": 331 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2024, Autumn Budget 2025, Spring Forecast 2026", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": "Costed across three fiscal events: the original reform (Autumn Budget 2024), transferable allowances (Budget 2025) and the higher £2.5 million allowance (Spring Forecast 2026). The figures shown add up the OBR's record of each.", "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Changes to agricultural property relief and business property relief", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/changes-to-agricultural-property-relief-and-business-property-relief" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "two-child-limit", "title": "Two-child limit abolished", "what": "Families on Universal Credit and tax credits get the child element for every child, not only the first two.", "category": "welfare", "start": "2026-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "started", "status": "in-force", "who": "Families with three or more children on Universal Credit.", "affected": "DWP estimates 450,000 fewer children in relative poverty in 2029-30", "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -2367, "2027-28": -2590, "2028-29": -2815, "2029-30": -3095, "2030-31": -3235 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -2365, "2027-28": -2590, "2028-29": -2815, "2029-30": -3095, "2030-31": -3235 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "DWP, Poverty impacts of social security changes at Budget 2025", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/poverty-impacts-of-social-security-changes-at-budget-2025" } ], "distribution": [ { "source": "Resolution Foundation, Stairway to headroom", "url": "https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2025/11/Stairway-to-headroom.pdf", "text": "The Foundation values it at about £3,570 a year for each extra child that now qualifies (2029-30, in 2025-26 prices)." } ], "examples": [ { "label": "Family on Universal Credit with 3 children", "amount": -3647, "per": "year", "note": "The child element of £303.94 a month for the third child, at 2026-27 rates; less where the family's income reduces its award." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "uc-rebalancing", "title": "Universal Credit: standard allowance up, health element down for new claims", "what": "The Universal Credit standard allowance rises faster than inflation each April to 2029 (2.3% above inflation in 2026-27, rising to 4.8% by 2029-30). The health element is halved for new claims from April 2026 and frozen for existing claimants, with protections for people with the most severe conditions and at the end of life.", "category": "welfare", "start": "2026-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "started", "status": "in-force", "who": "About 6.7 million Universal Credit households gain from the higher standard allowance; new claimants with limited capability for work and work-related activity get a lower health element.", "affected": "About 6.7 million households (DWP impact assessment)", "announced": "Spring Statement 2025; Universal Credit Act 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -345, "2027-28": 55, "2028-29": 325, "2029-30": 565, "2030-31": 950 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.2 lines 2 and 3 and Table 4.1 line 85 combined", "basis": "scorecard" }, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "DWP, Universal Credit Bill: impact assessment (July 2025)", "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/689ca49e1c63de6de5bb1298/withdrawn-universal-credit-bill-uc-rebalancing-impact-assessment.pdf" }, { "name": "DWP, Benefit and pension rates 2026 to 2027", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/benefit-and-pension-rates-2026-to-2027" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "hgv-ved-holiday", "title": "£1 vehicle tax for lorries", "what": "Heavy goods vehicles pay £1 in vehicle excise duty for twelve months.", "category": "motoring", "start": "2026-07-01", "end": "2027-06-30", "timing": "started", "status": "in-force", "who": "Operators of heavy goods vehicles.", "affected": null, "announced": "Government announcement, summer 2026", "costing": null, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": "Not yet costed; the HMRC impact note leaves the Exchequer figures blank until Budget 2026.", "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, 12-month vehicle excise duty holiday for HGVs", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/12-month-vehicle-excise-duty-ved-holiday-for-heavy-goods-vehicles-hgvs" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "vat-domestic-electricity", "title": "No VAT on household electricity for six months", "what": "VAT on domestic electricity in Great Britain falls from 5% to 0% for bills covering 1 October 2026 to 31 March 2027.", "category": "energy", "start": "2026-10-01", "end": "2027-03-31", "timing": "upcoming", "status": "legislated", "who": "Every household in Great Britain that pays for electricity, and eligible charities and care homes.", "affected": "All GB domestic electricity customers", "announced": "Prime Minister's announcement, September 2026", "costing": null, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": "Not yet certified by the OBR. The government's press release puts it at around £850 million in 2026-27, about £45 off a typical bill under the October price cap; final costings are due at Budget 2026.", "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Temporary zero rate of VAT for domestic electricity in Great Britain", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/temporary-zero-rate-of-vat-for-domestic-electricity-in-great-britain" }, { "name": "Prime Minister's Office, press release", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-pm-cuts-tax-on-household-electricity-bills-to-give-breathing-space-on-cost-of-living" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "Typical household under the October 2026 price cap, over the six months", "amount": 45, "per": "once", "note": "The government's own estimate." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "vaping-duty", "title": "Vaping Products Duty", "what": "A duty of £2.20 per 10ml on vaping liquid, with duty stamps, and a one-off rise in tobacco duty alongside it.", "category": "consumption", "start": "2026-10-01", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "legislated", "who": "People who vape, and the businesses that make, import and sell vaping products.", "affected": null, "announced": "Spring Budget 2024", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": -50, "2026-27": 135, "2027-28": 400, "2028-29": 465, "2029-30": 530, "2030-31": 565 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.2 (re-costed), line 13", "basis": "scorecard" }, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Introduction of Vaping Products Duty from 1 October 2026", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/introduction-of-vaping-products-duty-from-1-october-2026" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "bus-fare-cap-2027", "title": "£2 bus fare cap in England", "what": "Single bus fares outside London are capped at £2 through 2027, down from £3.", "category": "other", "start": "2027-01-01", "end": "2027-12-31", "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Bus passengers in England outside London.", "affected": null, "announced": "Government announcement, summer 2026", "costing": null, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": "A spending decision: the government puts the cost at £400 million, funded from within existing budgets. Not on an OBR scorecard yet.", "sources": [ { "name": "Department for Transport, press release", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cheaper-travel-for-millions-with-a-third-off-fares" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "Saved on each single bus journey that would have cost £3", "amount": 1, "per": "once" } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "carbon-border-adjustment", "title": "Carbon border adjustment mechanism", "what": "A charge on the carbon emitted in making certain imported goods, such as steel, aluminium and cement.", "category": "business", "start": "2027-01-01", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "legislated", "who": "Businesses importing carbon-intensive goods.", "affected": null, "announced": "Spring Budget 2024", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 70, "2027-28": 310, "2028-29": 360, "2029-30": 345, "2030-31": 320 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.2 (re-costed), line 19", "basis": "scorecard" }, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Introduction of carbon border adjustment mechanism", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/introduction-of-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "fuel-duty-2027", "title": "Fuel duty: the 5p cut ends", "what": "The temporary 5p a litre cut in fuel duty on petrol and diesel runs to 31 December 2026. Unless Budget 2026 changes it, the rate rises from 52.95p to 55.95p a litre on 1 January 2027 and to 57.95p on 1 March 2027.", "category": "motoring", "start": "2027-01-01", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "provisional", "who": "Everyone who buys petrol or diesel.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025, amended 22 May 2026", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": -47, "2026-27": -2369, "2027-28": -856, "2028-29": -857, "2029-30": -850, "2030-31": -841 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": -45, "2026-27": -2370, "2027-28": -855, "2028-29": -855, "2029-30": -850, "2030-31": -840 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1 (before the May 2026 extension)", "differs": false }, "costingNote": "The May 2026 extension to 31 December 2026 has not yet been costed; the Treasury says final rates and costings come at Budget 2026.", "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Amended fuel duty rates for 2026 to 2027", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/amended-fuel-duty-rates-for-2026-to-2027" }, { "name": "HM Treasury, press release", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/chancellor-protects-drivers-and-businesses-from-rising-fuel-costs" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "Petrol or diesel car, 10,000 miles a year at 40 mpg", "amount": 68, "per": "year", "note": "About 1,137 litres × 5p, plus VAT on the duty." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "pubs-business-rates-2027", "title": "Extra business rates cut for pubs, clubs and live music venues", "what": "A further 20% cut in business rates bills for pubs, clubs and live music venues in England from April 2027.", "category": "business", "start": "2027-04-01", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "provisional", "who": "About 32,000 venues in England.", "affected": null, "announced": "Prime Minister's announcement, 23 July 2026", "costing": null, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": "The government says around £100 million a year and that a typical pub saves about £1,100. Not yet certified by the OBR.", "sources": [ { "name": "Prime Minister's Office, press release", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/news/burnham-means-business-pm-slashes-business-rates-bills-for-pubs-clubs-and-live-music-venues" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "gambling-duties", "title": "Remote betting duty of 25%", "what": "A new remote betting rate of 25% on online betting, after Remote Gaming Duty rose to 40% in April 2026.", "category": "consumption", "start": "2027-04-01", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Online gambling operators.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 812, "2027-28": 1065, "2028-29": 1100, "2029-30": 1133, "2030-31": 1154 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 810, "2027-28": 1065, "2028-29": 1100, "2029-30": 1135, "2030-31": 1155 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1 (whole gambling package)", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Changes to gambling duties", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/changes-to-gambling-duties" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "cash-isa-limit", "title": "Cash ISA limit cut to £12,000 for under-65s", "what": "Savers under 65 can put at most £12,000 a year into a cash ISA. The overall ISA limit stays at £20,000, so the rest can go into a stocks and shares ISA. ISA limits are frozen to 2030-31.", "category": "savings-and-investment", "start": "2027-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Savers under 65 who pay more than £12,000 a year into cash ISAs.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -6, "2027-28": -10, "2028-29": -3, "2029-30": -36, "2030-31": -13 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -5, "2027-28": -10, "2028-29": -5, "2029-30": -35, "2030-31": -15 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1 (with other savings measures)", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Reduction in the cash Individual Savings Account limit", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reduction-in-the-cash-individual-savings-account-isa-limit" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "property-income-rates", "title": "Higher tax rates on property income", "what": "Rental profits are taxed at their own rates of 22%, 42% and 47%, two points above the rates on earnings.", "category": "property", "start": "2027-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Landlords who own property personally rather than through a company.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 1, "2027-28": 7, "2028-29": 590, "2029-30": 434, "2030-31": 444 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 5, "2028-29": 590, "2029-30": 435, "2030-31": 445 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Changes to tax rates for property, savings and dividend income", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/changes-to-tax-rates-for-property-savings-and-dividend-income" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "A landlord with £10,000 of taxable rental profit", "amount": 200, "per": "year", "note": "2 percentage points on £10,000." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "savings-income-rates", "title": "Higher tax rates on savings interest", "what": "Interest above the personal savings allowance is taxed at 22%, 42% and 47%, two points higher than now. The £5,000 starting rate band for savings is frozen to April 2031.", "category": "savings-and-investment", "start": "2027-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Savers whose interest is above their personal savings allowance (£1,000 for basic-rate taxpayers, £500 for higher-rate) and outside an ISA.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 3, "2027-28": 53, "2028-29": 523, "2029-30": 469, "2030-31": 507 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 5, "2027-28": 55, "2028-29": 525, "2029-30": 470, "2030-31": 505 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Changes to tax rates for property, savings and dividend income", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/changes-to-tax-rates-for-property-savings-and-dividend-income" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "Basic-rate taxpayer with £3,000 of interest outside an ISA", "amount": 40, "per": "year", "note": "2 percentage points on £2,000 (after a £1,000 allowance)." }, { "label": "Higher-rate taxpayer with £3,000 of interest outside an ISA", "amount": 50, "per": "year", "note": "2 percentage points on £2,500 (after a £500 allowance)." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "iht-unused-pensions", "title": "Inheritance tax on unused pensions", "what": "Most unused pension funds and death benefits count as part of an estate for inheritance tax. Death-in-service benefits are excluded.", "category": "inheritance", "start": "2027-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "legislated", "who": "Estates that include unused pension savings and are above the inheritance tax thresholds.", "affected": null, "announced": "Autumn Budget 2024", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 710, "2028-29": 1485, "2029-30": 1600, "2030-31": 1665 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.2 (re-costed), line 10", "basis": "scorecard" }, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Inheritance Tax on unused pension funds and death benefits", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/inheritance-tax-unused-pension-funds-and-death-benefits" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "student-loan-plan-2-freeze", "title": "Plan 2 student loan threshold frozen", "what": "The income above which Plan 2 graduates repay is frozen at £29,385 for three years from April 2027, then rises with inflation from April 2030.", "category": "other", "start": "2027-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Graduates on Plan 2 loans (mostly people who started university in England between 2012 and 2022).", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 283, "2026-27": 5915, "2027-28": 253, "2028-29": 289, "2029-30": 357, "2030-31": 378 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 285, "2026-27": 5915, "2027-28": 255, "2028-29": 290, "2029-30": 355, "2030-31": 380 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": "The large 2026-27 figure is an accounting effect on the value of the loan book, not cash collected that year.", "sources": [ { "name": "HM Treasury, Budget 2025 policy costings", "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/692872fd2a37784b16ecf676/Budget_2025-Policy_Costings.pdf" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "Repaid a year for every £1,000 the threshold would otherwise have risen", "amount": 90, "per": "year", "note": "9 percentage points on £1,000." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "state-pension-2027", "title": "State Pension rise under the triple lock", "what": "The State Pension rises in April 2027 by the highest of September 2026 inflation, earnings growth or 2.5%. The rate is set at Budget 2026.", "category": "pensions", "start": "2027-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "pending", "who": "About 12 million people receiving the State Pension.", "affected": null, "announced": "Government commitment to the triple lock for this Parliament (Budget 2025)", "costing": null, "scorecardCheck": null, "costingNote": "The rise is part of the OBR's forecast rather than a scored policy decision. The rate is not yet known.", "sources": [ { "name": "HM Treasury, Budget 2025", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/budget-2025-document" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "soft-drinks-levy-2028", "title": "Soft drinks levy extended", "what": "The lower sugar threshold for the Soft Drinks Industry Levy falls from 5g to 4.5g per 100ml and the levy covers milk-based drinks.", "category": "consumption", "start": "2028-01-01", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Producers and importers of sugary drinks.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 11, "2028-29": 39, "2029-30": 41, "2030-31": 42 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 10, "2028-29": 40, "2029-30": 40, "2030-31": 40 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Changes to the Soft Drinks Industry Levy", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/changes-to-the-soft-drinks-industry-levy" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "high-value-council-tax-surcharge", "title": "High Value Council Tax Surcharge", "what": "Owners of homes in England valued at £2 million or more pay a yearly surcharge on top of council tax: £2,500 (£2m to £2.5m), £3,500 (£2.5m to £3.5m), £5,000 (£3.5m to £5m) or £7,500 (£5m and above), rising with inflation from 2029-30. The money goes to central government, not councils.", "category": "property", "start": "2028-04-01", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Owners (not tenants) of fewer than 1% of homes in England.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": -62, "2026-27": -121, "2027-28": -155, "2028-29": 399, "2029-30": 432, "2030-31": 437 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": -60, "2026-27": -120, "2027-28": -155, "2028-29": 400, "2029-30": 430, "2030-31": 435 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": "The early negative figures are the expected effect on stamp duty and capital gains tax as buyers and sellers respond before it starts.", "sources": [ { "name": "MHCLG, High Value Council Tax Surcharge", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/high-value-council-tax-surcharge" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [ { "label": "Home valued at £2.2 million", "amount": 2500, "per": "year" }, { "label": "Home valued at £6 million", "amount": 7500, "per": "year" } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "eved", "title": "Pay-per-mile charge for electric cars (eVED)", "what": "Electric Vehicle Excise Duty charges 3p a mile for fully electric and hydrogen cars and 1.5p a mile for plug-in hybrids, on top of normal vehicle tax, rising with inflation from 2029-30. It is paid with vehicle tax on estimated mileage and settled against actual mileage.", "category": "motoring", "start": "2028-04-01", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Owners of electric and plug-in hybrid cars; the Treasury expects about 5.6 million cars in 2028-29.", "affected": "About 5.6 million cars in 2028-29", "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": -3, "2026-27": -10, "2027-28": -16, "2028-29": 1098, "2029-30": 1437, "2030-31": 1867 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": -5, "2026-27": -10, "2027-28": -15, "2028-29": 1100, "2029-30": 1435, "2030-31": 1865 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Electric Vehicle Excise Duty", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electric-vehicle-excise-duty-eved" }, { "name": "HM Treasury, consultation outcome", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/consultation-on-the-introduction-of-electric-vehicle-excise-duty-eved" } ], "distribution": [ { "source": "Resolution Foundation, Stairway to headroom", "url": "https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2025/11/Stairway-to-headroom.pdf", "text": "In its specimen households, a high earner in London who drives an electric car is about £295 a year worse off in 2028-29 from the Budget's decisions taken together." } ], "examples": [ { "label": "Fully electric car, 10,000 miles a year", "amount": 300, "per": "year", "note": "3p a mile × 10,000 miles, on top of standard vehicle tax." }, { "label": "Plug-in hybrid, 10,000 miles a year", "amount": 150, "per": "year", "note": "1.5p a mile × 10,000 miles, on top of standard vehicle tax." } ], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "employer-ni-threshold-freeze", "title": "Employer National Insurance threshold frozen to 2031", "what": "The £5,000 threshold above which employers pay National Insurance stays frozen to April 2031.", "category": "national-insurance", "start": "2028-04-06", "end": "2031-04-05", "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Employers.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": -3, "2028-29": 289, "2029-30": 616, "2030-31": 927 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": -5, "2028-29": 290, "2029-30": 615, "2030-31": 925 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HM Treasury, Budget 2025 policy costings", "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/692872fd2a37784b16ecf676/Budget_2025-Policy_Costings.pdf" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "threshold-freeze-2031", "title": "Income tax and National Insurance thresholds frozen to 2031", "what": "The Personal Allowance (£12,570), the higher-rate threshold (£50,270) and the matching National Insurance thresholds stay frozen for three more years, to April 2031, instead of rising with inflation from April 2028.", "category": "income-tax", "start": "2028-04-06", "end": "2031-04-05", "timing": "upcoming", "status": "legislated", "who": "Almost everyone who pays income tax or National Insurance, including pensioners with taxable income.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": -24, "2028-29": 3364, "2029-30": 7782, "2030-31": 12435 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": -25, "2028-29": 3365, "2029-30": 7780, "2030-31": 12435 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { "name": "HMRC, Maintaining income tax and equivalent National Insurance thresholds until 5 April 2031", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/maintaining-income-tax-and-equivalent-national-insurance-contributions-thresholds-until-5-april-2031" } ], "distribution": [ { "source": "Resolution Foundation, Stairway to headroom", "url": "https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2025/11/Stairway-to-headroom.pdf", "text": "The Foundation estimates the extension costs a typical employee about £220 a year by 2030-31, and the richest fifth of households about £540 a year on average against about £64 for the poorest fifth." } ], "examples": [ { "label": "Employee earning £25,000", "amount": 226, "per": "year", "year": "2030-31", "note": "Income tax and National Insurance with thresholds frozen, against thresholds raised with the OBR's inflation 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Pay held at the same cash figure; outside Scotland." }, { "label": "Employee earning £70,000", "amount": 690, "per": "year", "year": "2030-31", "note": "Income tax and National Insurance with thresholds frozen, against thresholds raised with the OBR's inflation forecast from April 2028 (a Personal Allowance of about £13,380 and a higher-rate threshold of about £53,580 by 2030-31). 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"name": "HMRC, Reforming customs rules for low value imports", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/reforming-customs-rules-for-low-value-imports" } ], "distribution": [], "examples": [], "verified": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "salary-sacrifice-cap", "title": "National Insurance relief on salary sacrifice capped at £2,000", "what": "Only the first £2,000 a year of pension contributions made through salary sacrifice is free of employee and employer National Insurance.", "category": "national-insurance", "start": "2029-04-06", "end": null, "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Employees who sacrifice more than £2,000 of salary a year into a pension, and their employers.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -38, "2027-28": -56, "2028-29": -75, "2029-30": 4846, "2030-31": 2584 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", 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"lastVerified": "2026-09-24" }, { "id": "iht-thresholds-freeze", "title": "Inheritance tax thresholds frozen to 2031", "what": "The £325,000 nil-rate band, the £175,000 residence nil-rate band and the £2.5 million allowance for full agricultural and business property relief stay frozen to April 2031.", "category": "inheritance", "start": "2030-04-06", "end": "2031-04-05", "timing": "upcoming", "status": "announced", "who": "Estates near or above the inheritance tax thresholds.", "affected": null, "announced": "Budget 2025", "costing": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 132 }, "source": "Office for Budget Responsibility, policy measures database (March 2026): Autumn Budget 2025", "basis": "obr-policy-database" }, "scorecardCheck": { "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 130 }, "source": "Budget 2025, Table 4.1", "differs": false }, "costingNote": null, "sources": [ { 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"values": { "2025-26": 2624, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "HMRC: Further measures to close the tax gap", "kind": "both", "heads": [ "Alcohol duty", "Bank surcharge", "Capital gains tax", "Customs duty", "Income tax", "Inheritance tax", "Landfill tax", "NICs", "Corporation tax (onshore)", "Penalties", "Stamp duty", "Tobacco duty", "Vaping duty", "VAT", "PSCE in RDEL", "Scottish BGA (current)" ], "values": { "2025-26": 76, "2026-27": 434, "2027-28": 693, "2028-29": 1250, "2029-30": 2417, "2030-31": 2591 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "Renewables Obligation: Fund 75% of the domestic share of the Renewables Obligation via the Exchequer over the Spending Review period", "kind": "spend", "heads": [ "Energy bills subsidies" ], "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": -2580, "2027-28": -2101, "2028-29": -2196, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": 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"event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "British Coal Staff Superannuation Scheme: Transfer investment reserve to scheme members", "kind": "both", "heads": [ "Gross operating surplus", "Income tax", "Public corporations capital expenditure" ], "values": { "2025-26": -1973, "2026-27": -25, "2027-28": -23, "2028-29": -21, "2029-30": -19, "2030-31": -17 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "OBR Allowance for Shortfall assumptions - PSCE in RDEL", "kind": "spend", "heads": [ "PSCE in RDEL" ], "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": -1940, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "Electric Vehicle Excise Duty (eVED): Introduce a new mileage supplement for electric and plug-in hybrid cars from 1 April 2028", "kind": "tax", "heads": [ "Fuel Duty", "Vehicle excise duty" ], "values": { "2025-26": -3, "2026-27": -10, "2027-28": -16, "2028-29": 1098, "2029-30": 1437, "2030-31": 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"2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "International Student Levy", "kind": "both", "heads": [ "International student levy", "PSCE in RDEL" ], "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "Council Tax Precepts: £5 flexibility for fire authorities", "kind": "both", "heads": [ "Council Tax", "Locally-financed current expenditure" ], "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Spring Forecast 2026", "description": "Police precept: Increase police precept Band D limit from 2.99% to £15 for 2026/27 in England", "kind": "both", "heads": [ "Council Tax", "Locally-financed current expenditure" ], "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Spring Forecast 2026", "description": "Council Tax Flexibility: Allow 7 local authorities, 6 police authorities and 1 fire and rescue authority to raise council tax above referendum principles for 2026-27 as part of the Exceptional Financial Support process and remove referendum principles for 5 Inner London Boroughs plus Windsor and Maidenhead in 2027-28 and 2028-29", "kind": "both", "heads": [ "Council Tax", "Locally-financed current expenditure" ], "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "Reclassification of spend for Mayoral Combined Authorities", "kind": "spend", "heads": [ "PSCE in RDEL", "PSGI in CDEL" ], "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null }, { "event": "Autumn Budget 2025", "description": "Reclassification from departmental expenditure limits to annually managed expenditure for Scottish government police & fire pensions", "kind": "spend", "heads": [ "PSCE in RDEL", "Net public service pension payments" ], "values": { "2025-26": 0, "2026-27": 0, "2027-28": 0, "2028-29": 0, "2029-30": 0, "2030-31": 0 }, "change": null } ], "totals": { "Autumn Budget 2025": { "2025-26": -3657, "2026-27": -5895, "2027-28": -9903, "2028-29": 3348, "2029-30": 16935, "2030-31": 19284 }, "Spring Forecast 2026": { "2025-26": 3965, "2026-27": -3371, "2027-28": -1858, "2028-29": -5501, "2029-30": -5403, "2030-31": -5654 } } }, "distribution": [ { "source": "HM Treasury, Impact on households: distributional analysis to accompany Budget 2025", "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/69269c6222424e25e6bc31bb/Impact_on_households.pdf", "date": "2025-11-26", "points": [ "The Treasury's analysis looks at 2028-29 and at decisions taken since Autumn Budget 2024. It says that all but the richest 10% of households gain from those decisions as a share of their income, with the largest gains, as a share of income, for the lowest-income households.", "It publishes the results as charts only, with no data table, so this site quotes its conclusions rather than reproducing its figures." ] }, { "source": "Resolution Foundation, Stairway to headroom (November 2025)", "url": "https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2025/11/Stairway-to-headroom.pdf", "date": "2025-11-27", "points": [ "Extending the income tax and National Insurance threshold freeze costs a typical employee about £220 a year by 2030-31, on the Foundation's estimate.", "In 2028-29 it puts the cost of the freeze extension at about £73 a year for a basic-rate taxpayer, £222 for a higher-rate taxpayer and £52 for a basic-rate pensioner.", "It estimates the richest fifth of households lose about £540 a year on average from the freezes, against about £64 for the poorest fifth.", "It values the end of the two-child limit at about £3,570 a year for each extra child that now qualifies (2029-30, in 2025-26 prices)." ] } ], "pendingEvent": null, "supportingDocuments": { "title": "Supporting documents for Budget 2025", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/supporting-documents-for-budget-2025", "published": "2025-11-26" }, "databaseBehind": null }, "notes": [ "Costings are £ million a year, from the OBR policy measures database where the measure is in it (unrounded, summed across the taxes and spending lines it affects), otherwise the Treasury scorecard as printed. + means the Exchequer gains; - means it costs the Exchequer.", "Costings are as scored at the fiscal event named; later events can re-cost a measure.", "Worked examples are illustrations for one household at stated assumptions, calculated from the rates in config/tax-rates.json and the OBR inflation forecast.", "Some changes apply only in England or in Great Britain; each entry says so." ] }