# Income tax

url: https://whereyourmoneygoes.co.uk/income-tax/
updated: 29 September 2026
licence: Our words, analysis, charts and derived calculations: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), credit [Tekstak Ltd](https://tek-stak.co.uk). Figures: each source's own licence, listed under Sources.
publisher: [Tekstak Ltd](https://tek-stak.co.uk)

# Income tax



Last updated 29 September 2026.
Figures refresh every night. [How each figure is worked out](/methodology/).





**A tax on what you earn, charged in slices, with the first slice free and each slice above it taxed at a higher rate.** Anyone with income above the Personal Allowance: employees, the self-employed, pensioners, landlords and savers. Around 37 million people pay it. It raised **£326.9bn** in 2025–26, which is 34.9% of everything HMRC collects and 10.65% of the economy. That is up £24.1bn (8.0%) on the year before.



Figures for the 2025–26 financial year. Source:
[HM Revenue and Customs](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hmrc-tax-and-nics-receipts-for-the-uk).





## Key figures



- £326.9bnRaised in 2025–26

▲
- 34.9%Of everything HMRC collects

▼
2025–26
- 10.65%Of the whole economy (GDP)

▲
2025–26
- RecordThe most it has raised in real terms since 2006–07

Adjusted for inflation with the GDP deflator
As of 6 April 2025
- £12,570Personal Allowance, tax-free

Frozen since 6 April 2021, until 5 April 2031




Sources: [HM Revenue and Customs](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hmrc-tax-and-nics-receipts-for-the-uk), [HM Treasury](https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/gdp-deflators-at-market-prices-and-money-gdp).





## What is the short version?



- **How big:** £326.9bn in 2025–26, 34.9% of everything HMRC collects; after inflation, 40% more than in 2015–16.
- **Someone earning £35,000:** That is 12.8% of the salary, not 20%. The headline rate is the rate on the last pound, never on the whole.
- **Latest change, 2021:** The Personal Allowance and higher-rate threshold are frozen.
- **Where it goes:** Nowhere in particular, like almost every tax: it is not earmarked.
- **The argument:** It is the most progressive major tax: those with more income pay a higher share of it; against that, it taxes work rather than wealth, so two people with the same living standards can pay very different amounts.






## How much does it raise?




**Income tax receipts, cash and real terms**










**The numbers behind this chart**





| Financial year | Cash | Real, 2025-26 prices |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2006–07Details | £147,712m | £241,789m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£241,789m | | |
| 2007–08Details | £151,738m | £243,613m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£243,613m | | |
| 2008–09Details | £153,442m | £237,497m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£237,497m | | |
| 2009–10Details | £144,881m | £221,383m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£221,383m | | |
| 2010–11Details | £153,491m | £230,616m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£230,616m | | |
| 2011–12Details | £150,939m | £222,041m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£222,041m | | |
| 2012–13Details | £152,030m | £219,835m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£219,835m | | |
| 2013–14Details | £156,898m | £222,250m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£222,250m | | |
| 2014–15Details | £163,109m | £227,828m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£227,828m | | |
| 2015–16Details | £168,451m | £233,667m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£233,667m | | |
| 2016–17Details | £177,065m | £240,789m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£240,789m | | |
| 2017–18Details | £180,049m | £241,785m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£241,785m | | |
| 2018–19Details | £191,030m | £250,814m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£250,814m | | |
| 2019–20Details | £193,243m | £247,198m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£247,198m | | |
| 2020–21Details | £193,742m | £235,527m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£235,527m | | |
| 2021–22Details | £220,612m | £267,553m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£267,553m | | |
| 2022–23Details | £248,358m | £281,422m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£281,422m | | |
| 2023–24Details | £275,255m | £296,309m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£296,309m | | |
| 2024–25Details | £302,799m | £313,232m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£313,232m | | |
| 2025–26Details | £326,932m | £326,932m |
| Real, 2025-26 prices£326,932m | | |






Figures for the 2025–26 financial year. Source:
[HM Revenue and Customs](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hmrc-tax-and-nics-receipts-for-the-uk), [HM Treasury](https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/gdp-deflators-at-market-prices-and-money-gdp).




It raised more than the year before, but the other taxes grew faster, so its share of the total fell.




**Income tax as a share of the economy, 1798–99 to 2022–23**










**The numbers behind this chart**



Search




| Financial year | % of GDP |
| --- | --- |
| 1798–99 | 0.306% |
| 1804–05 | 1.016% |
| 1810–11 | 2.599% |
| 1816–17 | 1.936% |
| 1843–44 | 0.932% |
| 1849–50 | 0.86% |
| 1855–56 | 1.89% |
| 1861–62 | 1.17% |
| 1867–68 | 0.587% |
| 1873–74 | 0.416% |
| 1879–80 | 0.734% |
| 1885–86 | 1.157% |
| 1891–92 | 0.906% |
| 1897–98 | 1.004% |
| 1903–04 | 1.646% |
| 1909–10 | 0.647% |
| 1915–16 | 4.231% |
| 1921–22 | 8.503% |
| 1927–28 | 6.915% |
| 1933–34 | 6.608% |
| 1939–40 | 7.538% |
| 1945–46 | 14.729% |
| 1951–52 | 12.114% |
| 1957–58 | 10.582% |
| 1963–64 | 9.22% |
| 1969–70 | 10.416% |
| 1975–76 | 12.722% |
| 1981–82 | 10.661% |
| 1987–88 | 8.21% |
| 1993–94 | 8.024% |
| 1999–00 | 9.135% |
| 2005–06 | 9.576% |
| 2011–12 | 9.136% |
| 2017–18 | 8.588% |
| 2022–23 | 9.849% |











Figures for the 2022–23 financial year. Source:
[Office for Budget Responsibility](https://obr.uk/data/).





**How "real terms" is worked out**



Real terms use HM Treasury's GDP deflator, rebased to 2025-26 prices. That is the
measure the Treasury and the OBR use for public finances; the consumer price index is the
right one for a shopping basket, not for the size of the state.






## How does it work?



Income tax works in bands, and this is the single most misunderstood thing about it. Moving into a higher band does not mean your whole income is taxed at the higher rate. Only the part of your income inside that band is.

Everyone starts with a Personal Allowance, which is taxed at nothing. Income above it is taxed at the basic rate, then the higher rate, then the additional rate as it passes each threshold.

There is one genuine cliff. Once income passes £100,000 the Personal Allowance is withdrawn by £1 for every £2 above it, so income between £100,000 and £125,140 is effectively taxed at 60%: the 40% band rate plus the 40% charged on the allowance you are losing. It is the highest marginal rate in the system, and it sits in the middle of the income scale rather than at the top.

The bands for 2026-27, outside Scotland:





| Band | Income | Rate |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Personal AllowanceDetails | £0 to £12,570 | 0% |
| Rate0% | | |
| Basic rateDetails | £12,571 to £50,270 | 20% |
| Rate20% | | |
| Higher rateDetails | £50,271 to £125,140 | 40% |
| Rate40% | | |
| Additional rateDetails | over £125,140 | 45% |
| Rate45% | | |





The Personal Allowance falls by £1 for every £2 of income over £100,000, and is gone at £125,140.



Rates: [GOV.UK, Income Tax rates and Personal Allowances](https://www.gov.uk/income-tax-rates).
Checked by hand 22 September 2026.

Employees pay through PAYE, deducted before the money reaches them. The self-employed and those with other income pay through Self Assessment, after the fact. That timing difference is why the same tax feels very different depending on how you are paid.



### What does this mean for you?



Put in a yearly salary to see the income tax on it, on the rates outside Scotland.


Your salary before tax
£



On £35,000 you would pay **£4,486 a year** in income tax, about £374 a month. That is 12.8% of your salary: your average rate, lower than the rate on your top slice.



2026-27 rates for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Salary only, with the standard Personal Allowance: no pension contributions, other income or reliefs. National Insurance is on top.






### Someone earning £35,000





| Step | Amount | Note |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SalaryDetails | £35,000 | |
| | | |
| Personal Allowance, taxed at 0%Details | £12,570 | no tax on this part |
| Noteno tax on this part | | |
| Taxed at the basic rate of 20%Details | £22,430 | £35,000 minus the allowance |
| Note£35,000 minus the allowance | | |
| Income tax dueDetails | £4,486 | |
| | | |





**That is 12.8% of the salary, not 20%. The headline rate is the rate on the last pound, never on the whole.**




[Work out your take-home pay after income tax and National Insurance](https://howlongisit.co.uk/uk-salary-calculator)





## How has it changed?




**Top rate of income tax**








The rate on the top slice of income, at each change described in the history below; the top rate on earned income before 1979 was 83%.




**The numbers behind this chart**





| From | Rate |
| --- | --- |
| 1978 | 83% |
| 1979 | 60% |
| 1988 | 40% |
| 2010 | 50% |
| 2013 | 45% |
| 2026 | 45% |









**Income tax thresholds each tax year**


- Personal Allowance





2010–11: £6,475 → 2026–27: **£12,570**

- Higher-rate threshold





2010–11: £43,875 → 2026–27: **£50,270**

- Additional-rate threshold





2010–11: £150,000 → 2026–27: **£125,140**



Each panel starts at zero on its own scale. Cash values, not adjusted for inflation: a flat line is a freeze, and a freeze is a real-terms cut.




**Show as a table**





| Tax year | Personal Allowance | Higher-rate threshold | Additional-rate threshold |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2010–11Details | £6,475 | £43,875 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£43,875Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2011–12Details | £7,475 | £42,475 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£42,475Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2012–13Details | £8,105 | £42,475 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£42,475Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2013–14Details | £9,440 | £41,450 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£41,450Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2014–15Details | £10,000 | £41,865 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£41,865Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2015–16Details | £10,600 | £42,385 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£42,385Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2016–17Details | £11,000 | £43,000 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£43,000Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2017–18Details | £11,500 | £45,000 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£45,000Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2018–19Details | £11,850 | £46,350 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£46,350Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2019–20Details | £12,500 | £50,000 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£50,000Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2020–21Details | £12,500 | £50,000 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£50,000Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2021–22Details | £12,570 | £50,270 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£50,270Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2022–23Details | £12,570 | £50,270 | £150,000 |
| Higher-rate threshold£50,270Additional-rate threshold£150,000 | | | |
| 2023–24Details | £12,570 | £50,270 | £125,140 |
| Higher-rate threshold£50,270Additional-rate threshold£125,140 | | | |
| 2024–25Details | £12,570 | £50,270 | £125,140 |
| Higher-rate threshold£50,270Additional-rate threshold£125,140 | | | |
| 2025–26Details | £12,570 | £50,270 | £125,140 |
| Higher-rate threshold£50,270Additional-rate threshold£125,140 | | | |
| 2026–27Details | £12,570 | £50,270 | £125,140 |
| Higher-rate threshold£50,270Additional-rate threshold£125,140 | | | |






Figure as of 22 September 2026. Source:
[Office for Budget Responsibility](https://obr.uk/docs/dlm_uploads/OBR_Economic_and_fiscal_outlook_November_2025.pdf).




How it got here, and why each change was made:



- **1799**William Pitt the Younger introduces income tax to pay for the war against France. It is explicitly temporary, and is repealed in 1802.
- **1803**Reintroduced when war resumes, and repealed again in 1816 to public celebration. Parliament orders the records burned.
- **1842**Peel brings it back, again as a temporary measure to cover a deficit, and it has been renewed every year since. It is still formally annual: the Finance Act has to re-impose it each year.
- **1944**PAYE begins, so tax is deducted before wages are paid rather than demanded afterwards. It made mass income taxation administratively possible.
- **1979**The top rate is cut from 83% to 60% and the basic rate from 33% to 30%, paid for partly by nearly doubling VAT.
- **1988**The top rate is cut to 40% and the many higher bands collapsed into one.
- **2010**A 50% additional rate is introduced above £150,000, and the Personal Allowance begins to be withdrawn above £100,000, creating the 60% band.
- **2013**The additional rate is cut to 45%.
- **2017**Scotland begins setting its own rates and bands on earned income.
- **2021**The Personal Allowance and higher-rate threshold are frozen. The freeze has since been extended and now runs to April 2031, pulling millions more people into tax and into the higher rate without any rate changing.






## Where does the money go?



**Nowhere in particular.** Income tax is not earmarked. It goes into the Consolidated Fund with almost every other tax and is spent on whatever the government of the day decides. Anyone who tells you a particular tax "pays for" a particular service is describing an illustration, not a rule.



Because it is not earmarked, the only honest way to show what it pays for is by proportion. If
income tax receipts of £326.9bn were spent in the same proportions as all
public spending in 2025-26, they would break down like this. It is an illustration of scale,
not a statement about where those particular pounds went.




**If £326.9bn of income tax were spent like all public money in 2025-26**



- 1. Social protection, including the state pension

£108.5bn 33.2% of spending
- 2. Health

£68.7bn 21% of spending
- 3. Debt interest

£34.7bn 10.6% of spending
- 4. Education

£33.3bn 10.2% of spending
- 5. Economic affairs, including transport

£25.2bn 7.7% of spending
- 6. Defence

£17.3bn 5.3% of spending
- 7. Public order and safety

£14.7bn 4.5% of spending
- 8. General public services

£9.5bn 2.9% of spending
- 9. Housing and community

£5.9bn 1.8% of spending
- 10. Environment

£5.2bn 1.6% of spending
- 11. Culture, media and sport

£3.9bn 1.2% of spending





Spending shares from HM Treasury’s Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses. An illustration of scale, not where these particular pounds went.




**Show as a table**





| Name | Equivalent share of income tax |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Social protection, including the state pension | £108.5bn |
| 2. Health | £68.7bn |
| 3. Debt interest | £34.7bn |
| 4. Education | £33.3bn |
| 5. Economic affairs, including transport | £25.2bn |
| 6. Defence | £17.3bn |
| 7. Public order and safety | £14.7bn |
| 8. General public services | £9.5bn |
| 9. Housing and community | £5.9bn |
| 10. Environment | £5.2bn |
| 11. Culture, media and sport | £3.9bn |








See [for every £100 of tax](/for-every-100-pounds-of-tax/) for the full picture.





## Is it different where I live?





| Band | Income | Rate |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Personal AllowanceDetails | £0 to £12,570 | 0% |
| Rate0% | | |
| Starter rateDetails | £12,571 to £16,537 | 19% |
| Rate19% | | |
| Basic rateDetails | £16,538 to £29,526 | 20% |
| Rate20% | | |
| Intermediate rateDetails | £29,527 to £43,662 | 21% |
| Rate21% | | |
| Higher rateDetails | £43,663 to £75,000 | 42% |
| Rate42% | | |
| Advanced rateDetails | £75,001 to £125,140 | 45% |
| Rate45% | | |
| Top rateDetails | over £125,140 | 48% |
| Rate48% | | |





Rates: [GOV.UK, Income Tax in Scotland](https://www.gov.uk/scottish-income-tax).
Checked by hand 22 September 2026.



### Scotland



Scotland sets its own rates and bands on earned income, and has six rates rather than three. Scottish taxpayers earning under about £30,000 pay slightly less than they would elsewhere in the UK; above that they pay more, and the gap widens with income. Savings and dividend income is still taxed at the rest-of-UK rates, so a Scottish taxpayer can face two different regimes in one tax return.

### Wales



Wales has the power to vary income tax rates by up to 10p in each band but has not used it. Welsh rates have matched England and Northern Ireland since the power was devolved in 2019.





## Does it change what people do?



The 50p rate introduced in 2010 and cut in 2013 is the most studied UK case. HMRC found a large drop in declared income at the top when the rate rose, but most of it was people bringing income forward to beat the change rather than earning less. How much revenue the rate raised over the long run remains genuinely disputed, and the honest answer is that the estimate depends heavily on an assumption that cannot be measured directly.



[When a tax rise stops raising money](/when-tax-rises-lose-revenue/) looks at the
cases where the effect has been large enough to move the revenue.





## How does that compare with other countries?



**In 2024 the UK raised 10.8% of GDP this way: fifth of the 12 countries compared here.**




**Revenue from this heading as a share of GDP, 2024**



- 1. Denmark

25.2%
- 2. Canada

12.8%
- 3. Italy

11.8%
- 4. Sweden

11.3%
- ◆5. United Kingdom

10.8%
- 6. United States

10.3%
- 7. Germany

10.1%
- 8. Netherlands

9.8%
- 9. France

9.3%
- 10. Spain

9.1%
- 11. Ireland

6.6%
- 12. Japan

5.6%




◆ UK





**Show as a table**





| Name | Share of GDP |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Denmark | 25.2% |
| 2. Canada | 12.8% |
| 3. Italy | 11.8% |
| 4. Sweden | 11.3% |
| 5. United Kingdom (UK) | 10.8% |
| 6. United States | 10.3% |
| 7. Germany | 10.1% |
| 8. Netherlands | 9.8% |
| 9. France | 9.3% |
| 10. Spain | 9.1% |
| 11. Ireland | 6.6% |
| 12. Japan | 5.6% |






Figure as of 1 January 2024. Source:
[OECD](https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_REV_COMP_OECD%40DF_RSOECD).




The UK’s top rate is close to the OECD average, but it starts at a lower multiple of average earnings than in most comparable countries, so more people reach it. The UK also relies more on income tax and less on social security contributions than most of Europe.




**What is being compared**



The OECD heading covers all taxes on the income and capital gains of individuals, so for the UK it is income tax and capital gains tax together.



Countries are those this site compares throughout, not the whole OECD, and a country appears only
where it reports this heading for 2024.






## What are the arguments?





### The case for income tax as the main tax



- It is the most progressive major tax: those with more income pay a higher share of it.
- It raises more than any other single tax, which makes it hard to replace.
- PAYE makes it cheap to collect and difficult to avoid for most people.
- Rates and thresholds are visible and debated, unlike many charges buried in prices.





### The case against relying on it so heavily



- It taxes work rather than wealth, so two people with the same living standards can pay very different amounts.
- The 60% band between £100,000 and £125,140 is an accident of design that almost nobody defends.
- Freezing thresholds raises tax every year without a vote on a rate.
- A narrow base: the top 1% pay around 29% of it, which makes revenue volatile.






Both columns are set out as their strongest case, not as a preferred answer and a strawman. See
[how this site handles contested questions](/neutrality/).





## Common questions


How much income tax do I pay?
A tax on what you earn, charged in slices, with the first slice free and each slice above it taxed at a higher rate. Anyone with income above the Personal Allowance: employees, the self-employed, pensioners, landlords and savers. Around 37 million people pay it.How much does income tax raise?
£326.9bn in 2025–26, which is 34.9% of everything HMRC collects.Where does income tax go?
Nowhere in particular. Income tax is not earmarked. It goes into the Consolidated Fund with almost every other tax and is spent on whatever the government of the day decides. Anyone who tells you a particular tax "pays for" a particular service is describing an illustration, not a rule.





## Use this data



The figures belong to the bodies that published them and are used under their terms, listed in
[Sources for this page](#sources); most are Crown copyright under the Open Government Licence.
Only our own words, analysis, charts and derived calculations are ours, published under
[CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/): reuse them, including
commercially, if you credit [Tekstak Ltd](https://tek-stak.co.uk) and link back to this page.



### Download



- [Income tax receipts by financial year (CSV)](/data/receipts-income-tax.csv)
[JSON](/data/receipts-income-tax.json) HM Revenue and Customs: [Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/)
- [Public sector receipts as a share of GDP since 1900 (CSV)](/data/obr-total-receipts-share-gdp.csv)
[JSON](/data/obr-total-receipts-share-gdp.json) Office for Budget Responsibility: [Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/)
- [Total HMRC receipts by financial year (CSV)](/data/receipts-total.csv)
[JSON](/data/receipts-total.json) HM Revenue and Customs: [Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/)

- [All data, field definitions and licences](/data/)




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## Sources for this page





| Source | Publisher | Figures as of | Updated | Licence |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [HMRC tax receipts and National Insurance contributions for the UK](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hmrc-tax-and-nics-receipts-for-the-uk) | HM Revenue and Customs | the 2025–26 financial year | annual | [Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/) |
| [Historical public finances database](https://obr.uk/data/) | Office for Budget Responsibility | the 2022–23 financial year | annual | [Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/) |
| [GDP deflators at market prices, and money GDP](https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/gdp-deflators-at-market-prices-and-money-gdp) | HM Treasury | the 2025–26 financial year | annual | [Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/) |
| [Office for Budget Responsibility, Economic and fiscal outlook, November 2025, Box 3.3](https://obr.uk/docs/dlm_uploads/OBR_Economic_and_fiscal_outlook_November_2025.pdf) | Office for Budget Responsibility | 22 September 2026 | semiannual | [Open Government Licence v3.0](https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/) |
| [Revenue Statistics: comparative tables](https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_REV_COMP_OECD%40DF_RSOECD) | OECD | 1 January 2024 | annual | [CC BY 4.0 (OECD)](https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html) |





Each source's figures are used under the licence shown. Our own words, analysis, charts and derived calculations
are ours, under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

## Related pages

- [Next in this section: National Insurance](https://whereyourmoneygoes.co.uk/national-insurance/)
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## More from this publisher

- [UK tax calculators](https://howlongisit.co.uk)

Published by [Tekstak Ltd](https://tek-stak.co.uk). Our words, analysis, charts and derived calculations: CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), credit [Tekstak Ltd](https://tek-stak.co.uk). The figures belong to the publishers listed under Sources and are used under their licences. Figures last updated 29 September 2026.