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St Helens: school funding per pupil

Last updated . Figures refresh every night. How each figure is worked out.

£163m for St Helens in 2026-27, £858 per resident, +0.8% on a year earlier after inflation. That is £6,700 of schools block funding per pupil in 2026-27, against £6,771 for England. 2026-27 is the provisional allocation, which DfE updates for the latest pupil numbers.

Figure as of 19 November 2025. Source: Department for Education.

Key figures

  • £163m2026-27, cash +2.8% on a year earlier As of 19 November 2025
  • £858Per resident, 2026-27 As of 19 November 2025
  • £6,700Schools block funding per pupil, 2026-27 England: £6,771 As of 19 November 2025
  • £6,568Schools block funding per pupil, real terms, 2026-27 England: £6,638 As of 19 November 2025
  • £6,941Mainstream school funding per pupil, 2025-26 England: £6,996 As of 29 January 2026

Source: Department for Education.

Over time: cash, real terms and per resident

St Helens: spending in cash and in 2025-26 prices, £ million

Real terms use HM Treasury’s GDP deflator, 2025-26 prices.

The numbers behind this chart
St Helens: spending in cash and in 2025-26 prices, £ million (£ million)
YearReal terms (2025-26 prices)Cash
2019-20
Details for 2019-20
£137.5m£107.5m
Cash
£107.5m
2020-21
Details for 2020-21
£144.2m£118.6m
Cash
£118.6m
2021-22
Details for 2021-22
£150.6m£124.2m
Cash
£124.2m
2022-23
Details for 2022-23
£151.6m£133.8m
Cash
£133.8m
2023-24
Details for 2023-24
£152.6m£141.8m
Cash
£141.8m
2024-25
Details for 2024-25
£158.8m£153.5m
Cash
£153.5m
2025-26
Details for 2025-26
£158.6m£158.6m
Cash
£158.6m
2026-27
Details for 2026-27
£159.8m£163.0m
Cash
£163.0m

Figure as of 19 November 2025. Source: Department for Education.

St Helens: spending per resident, 2025-26 prices

Per resident divides by ONS mid-year population estimates.

The numbers behind this chart
St Helens: spending per resident, 2025-26 prices (£ per resident)
YearPer resident, 2025-26 pricesPer resident, cash
2019-20
Details for 2019-20
£757£592
Per resident, cash
£592
2020-21
Details for 2020-21
£792£651
Per resident, cash
£651
2021-22
Details for 2021-22
£821£677
Per resident, cash
£677
2022-23
Details for 2022-23
£820£724
Per resident, cash
£724
2023-24
Details for 2023-24
£818£760
Per resident, cash
£760
2024-25
Details for 2024-25
£843£815
Per resident, cash
£815
2025-26
Details for 2025-26
£835£835
Per resident, cash
£835
2026-27
Details for 2026-27
£842£858
Per resident, cash
£858

Figure as of 19 November 2025. Source: Department for Education.

Source: Department for Education, National funding formula tables for schools and high needs: summary tables, 2020-21 to 2026-27, published 19 November 2025.

Where it sits, and what is below it

  1. UK total
  2. Nation
  3. Department or service body
  4. Local body (this level)
  5. Spending category not published
  6. Line or transaction not published

St Helens

The schools block of the dedicated schools grant for pupils aged 5 to 16 in mainstream schools, with the grants later rolled into it. 2026-27 is the provisional allocation. High needs (special educational needs), early years and central services are separate blocks and are not included.

£163m in 2026-27 (cash); £160m in 2025-26 prices; £858 per resident; +2.8% on a year earlier in cash, +0.8% in real terms.

Spending category: not published. Each mainstream school’s 2025-26 allocation is in the table of schools on this authority’s page (DfE school-level funding). What each school then spends is published separately (consistent financial reporting for maintained schools, academy accounts returns for academies) and is not read here.

Cash is as published. Real terms are in 2025-26 prices, using HM Treasury’s GDP deflator. Per resident divides by ONS mid-year population for the area the body serves. Changes compare the same body in consecutive years.

What is recorded alongside the money

These figures are published beside the funding, not as its result. Demand, geography, recording practice and many other things differ between areas and change over time; none of these charts shows cause and effect.

St Helens against England: latest period of each measure
MeasureSt HelensEnglandPeriod
Schools block funding per pupil
Details for Schools block funding per pupil
£6,700£6,7712026-27
England
£6,771
Period
2026-27
Schools block funding per pupil, real terms
Details for Schools block funding per pupil, real terms
£6,568£6,6382026-27
England
£6,638
Period
2026-27
Mainstream school funding per pupil
Details for Mainstream school funding per pupil
£6,941£6,9962025-26
England
£6,996
Period
2025-26
Pupils per teacher
Details for Pupils per teacher
17.8 pupils per teacher17.9 pupils per teacher2025/26
England
17.9 pupils per teacher
Period
2025/26
Pupils in academies
Details for Pupils in academies
44.3%62.8%2025-26
England
62.8%
Period
2025-26
Apprenticeship starts per 100,000 people
Details for Apprenticeship starts per 100,000 people
1,181 per 100,000959 per 100,0002024/25
England
959 per 100,000
Period
2024/25
Schools block funding per pupil: St Helens and comparisons

The local authority’s schools block of the dedicated schools grant, with the grants later rolled into it, divided by its schools block pupils (aged 5 to 16, in state-funded mainstream schools). Cash. Upper-tier authorities (counties, unitaries, metropolitan districts, London boroughs), England only. The latest year is the provisional allocation. Breaks in the series: 2020-21: From 2020-21 the teachers’ pay and pension grants are rolled in; each later year includes the grants rolled in the year after.

The numbers behind this chart
Schools block funding per pupil: St Helens and comparisons (Schools block funding per pupil)
YearSt HelensEngland
2019-20
Details for 2019-20
£4,472£4,645
England
£4,645
2020-21
Details for 2020-21
£4,905£5,063
England
£5,063
2021-22
Details for 2021-22
£5,087£5,221
England
£5,221
2022-23
Details for 2022-23
£5,408£5,534
England
£5,534
2023-24
Details for 2023-24
£5,733£5,839
England
£5,839
2024-25
Details for 2024-25
£6,202£6,298
England
£6,298
2025-26
Details for 2025-26
£6,519£6,608
England
£6,608
2026-27
Details for 2026-27
£6,700£6,771
England
£6,771

Figure as of 19 November 2025. Source: Department for Education.

Schools block funding per pupil, real terms: St Helens and comparisons

The same, in the dataset’s price base using HM Treasury’s GDP deflator.

The numbers behind this chart
Schools block funding per pupil, real terms: St Helens and comparisons (Schools block funding per pupil, real terms)
YearSt HelensEngland
2019-20
Details for 2019-20
£5,720£5,941
England
£5,941
2020-21
Details for 2020-21
£5,963£6,154
England
£6,154
2021-22
Details for 2021-22
£6,170£6,332
England
£6,332
2022-23
Details for 2022-23
£6,128£6,270
England
£6,270
2023-24
Details for 2023-24
£6,171£6,286
England
£6,286
2024-25
Details for 2024-25
£6,415£6,515
England
£6,515
2025-26
Details for 2025-26
£6,519£6,608
England
£6,608
2026-27
Details for 2026-27
£6,568£6,638
England
£6,638

Figure as of 19 November 2025. Source: Department for Education.

Pupils per teacher: St Helens and comparisons

Full-time equivalent pupils per full-time equivalent teacher (qualified and unqualified) in state-funded schools, November each year (the school workforce census), England. The period is the academic year that starts that autumn.

The numbers behind this chart
Pupils per teacher: St Helens and comparisons (Pupils per teacher, pupils per teacher)
YearSt HelensEngland
2010/11
Details for 2010/11
18.017.1
England
17.1
2011/12
Details for 2011/12
17.917.2
England
17.2
2012/13
Details for 2012/13
17.517.2
England
17.2
2013/14
Details for 2013/14
17.417.1
England
17.1
2014/15
Details for 2014/15
17.317.1
England
17.1
2015/16
Details for 2015/16
17.617.3
England
17.3
2016/17
Details for 2016/17
18.117.5
England
17.5
2017/18
Details for 2017/18
18.717.9
England
17.9
2018/19
Details for 2018/19
18.518.0
England
18.0
2019/20
Details for 2019/20
18.918.2
England
18.2
2020/21
Details for 2020/21
19.018.0
England
18.0
2021/22
Details for 2021/22
18.618.0
England
18.0
2022/23
Details for 2022/23
18.518.0
England
18.0
2023/24
Details for 2023/24
18.018.1
England
18.1
2024/25
Details for 2024/25
17.918.0
England
18.0
2025/26
Details for 2025/26
17.817.9
England
17.9

Figure as of 4 June 2026. Source: Department for Education.

Apprenticeship starts per 100,000 people: St Helens and comparisons

Apprenticeship starts by people living in the authority per 100,000 population, as DfE publishes it (on its own population estimate), England, academic year (August to July). Full years only.

The numbers behind this chart
Apprenticeship starts per 100,000 people: St Helens and comparisons (Apprenticeship starts per 100,000 people, per 100,000)
YearSt HelensEngland
2020/21
Details for 2020/21
1,161906
England
906
2021/22
Details for 2021/22
1,227980
England
980
2022/23
Details for 2022/23
1,200938
England
938
2023/24
Details for 2023/24
1,261932
England
932
2024/25
Details for 2024/25
1,181959
England
959

Figure as of 16 July 2026. Source: Department for Education.

Every mainstream school: its allocation for 2025-26

63 mainstream schools with 24,336 pupils were allocated £169m in 2025-26, £6,941 per pupil (England: £6,996). 44.3% of the pupils are in academies, which are funded directly by DfE on the same formula. Allocations differ mainly with pupils’ deprivation and prior attainment, school size and local costs; special schools and high-needs top-ups are not in this table.

St Helens: mainstream schools’ funding allocations, 2025-26
SchoolPhasePupilsPer pupilTotalURNAcademy
Allanson Street Primary School
Details for Allanson Street Primary School
Primary411£7,122£2,926,972104758No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
411
Total
£2,926,972
URN
104758
Academy
No
Ashurst Primary School
Details for Ashurst Primary School
Primary197£6,610£1,302,154104771No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
197
Total
£1,302,154
URN
104771
Academy
No
Billinge Chapel End Primary School
Details for Billinge Chapel End Primary School
Primary167£6,006£1,002,990150556Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
167
Total
£1,002,990
URN
150556
Academy
Yes
Bleak Hill Primary School
Details for Bleak Hill Primary School
Primary579£5,475£3,170,266104773No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
579
Total
£3,170,266
URN
104773
Academy
No
Broad Oak Community Primary School
Details for Broad Oak Community Primary School
Primary564£7,438£4,194,797130259No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
564
Total
£4,194,797
URN
130259
Academy
No
Carr Mill Primary School
Details for Carr Mill Primary School
Primary284£6,834£1,940,942134661No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
284
Total
£1,940,942
URN
134661
Academy
No
Corpus Christi Catholic Primary School
Details for Corpus Christi Catholic Primary School
Primary125£6,365£795,633104814No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
125
Total
£795,633
URN
104814
Academy
No
Cowley International College
Details for Cowley International College
Secondary1,255£8,395£10,536,179104829No
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
1,255
Total
£10,536,179
URN
104829
Academy
No
De La Salle School
Details for De La Salle School
Secondary1,192£7,422£8,847,588150833Yes
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
1,192
Total
£8,847,588
URN
150833
Academy
Yes
Eaves Primary School
Details for Eaves Primary School
Primary209£6,345£1,326,150104770No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
209
Total
£1,326,150
URN
104770
Academy
No
Eccleston Lane Ends Primary School
Details for Eccleston Lane Ends Primary School
Primary243£5,454£1,325,416104788No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
243
Total
£1,325,416
URN
104788
Academy
No
Eccleston Mere Primary School
Details for Eccleston Mere Primary School
Primary358£5,642£2,019,932104783No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
358
Total
£2,019,932
URN
104783
Academy
No
Garswood Primary and Nursery School
Details for Garswood Primary and Nursery School
Primary213£5,631£1,199,375104778No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
213
Total
£1,199,375
URN
104778
Academy
No
Grange Valley Primary School
Details for Grange Valley Primary School
Primary204£6,041£1,232,412104774No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
204
Total
£1,232,412
URN
104774
Academy
No
Haydock English Martyrs' Primary School
Details for Haydock English Martyrs' Primary School
Primary243£6,069£1,474,732104818No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
243
Total
£1,474,732
URN
104818
Academy
No
Holy Cross Catholic Primary School
Details for Holy Cross Catholic Primary School
Primary180£7,054£1,269,709104804No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
180
Total
£1,269,709
URN
104804
Academy
No
Holy Spirit Catholic Primary School
Details for Holy Spirit Catholic Primary School
Primary192£6,747£1,295,368132188No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
192
Total
£1,295,368
URN
132188
Academy
No
Hope Academy
Details for Hope Academy
Secondary1,295£7,676£9,941,032136421Yes
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
1,295
Total
£9,941,032
URN
136421
Academy
Yes
Legh Vale Primary School
Details for Legh Vale Primary School
Primary432£6,047£2,612,322104782No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
432
Total
£2,612,322
URN
104782
Academy
No
Longton Lane Community Primary School
Details for Longton Lane Community Primary School
Primary261£5,860£1,529,514104777No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
261
Total
£1,529,514
URN
104777
Academy
No
Lyme Community Primary School
Details for Lyme Community Primary School
Primary189£6,922£1,308,315104776No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
189
Total
£1,308,315
URN
104776
Academy
No
Merton Bank Primary School
Details for Merton Bank Primary School
Primary193£7,859£1,516,815104784No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
193
Total
£1,516,815
URN
104784
Academy
No
Newton-le-Willows Primary School
Details for Newton-le-Willows Primary School
Primary571£5,820£3,323,001104775No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
571
Total
£3,323,001
URN
104775
Academy
No
Nutgrove Methodist Primary School
Details for Nutgrove Methodist Primary School
Primary206£5,938£1,223,192146120Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
206
Total
£1,223,192
URN
146120
Academy
Yes
Oakdene Primary School
Details for Oakdene Primary School
Primary208£5,571£1,158,702104781No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
208
Total
£1,158,702
URN
104781
Academy
No
Outwood Academy Haydock
Details for Outwood Academy Haydock
Secondary832£8,147£6,778,574148522Yes
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
832
Total
£6,778,574
URN
148522
Academy
Yes
Parish Church of England Primary School, St Helens
Details for Parish Church of England Primary School, St Helens
Primary199£6,730£1,339,306145458Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
199
Total
£1,339,306
URN
145458
Academy
Yes
Queen's Park CofE/Urc Primary School
Details for Queen's Park CofE/Urc Primary School
Primary395£6,570£2,594,955130382No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
395
Total
£2,594,955
URN
130382
Academy
No
Rainford Brook Lodge Community Primary School
Details for Rainford Brook Lodge Community Primary School
Primary194£5,514£1,069,653149929Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
194
Total
£1,069,653
URN
149929
Academy
Yes
Rainford CofE Primary School
Details for Rainford CofE Primary School
Primary204£5,635£1,149,547148365Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
204
Total
£1,149,547
URN
148365
Academy
Yes
Rainford High School
Details for Rainford High School
Secondary1,461£7,097£10,368,854144327Yes
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
1,461
Total
£10,368,854
URN
144327
Academy
Yes
Rainhill High School
Details for Rainhill High School
Secondary1,481£7,133£10,564,500144326Yes
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
1,481
Total
£10,564,500
URN
144326
Academy
Yes
Rectory CofE Primary School
Details for Rectory CofE Primary School
Primary124£7,453£924,164104797No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
124
Total
£924,164
URN
104797
Academy
No
Rivington Primary School
Details for Rivington Primary School
Primary208£6,561£1,364,754104761No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
208
Total
£1,364,754
URN
104761
Academy
No
Robins Lane Community Primary School
Details for Robins Lane Community Primary School
Primary203£6,874£1,395,393104762No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
203
Total
£1,395,393
URN
104762
Academy
No
Sherdley Primary School
Details for Sherdley Primary School
Primary395£5,990£2,366,032104769No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
395
Total
£2,366,032
URN
104769
Academy
No
St Aidan's CofE Primary School Billinge
Details for St Aidan's CofE Primary School Billinge
Primary169£5,996£1,013,354104798No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
169
Total
£1,013,354
URN
104798
Academy
No
St Ann's Church of England Primary School
Details for St Ann's Church of England Primary School
Primary411£5,383£2,212,439142154Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
411
Total
£2,212,439
URN
142154
Academy
Yes
St Anne's Catholic Primary School
Details for St Anne's Catholic Primary School
Primary233£6,606£1,539,213104805No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
233
Total
£1,539,213
URN
104805
Academy
No
St Augustine of Canterbury Catholic Academy
Details for St Augustine of Canterbury Catholic Academy
Secondary557£8,742£4,869,401149031Yes
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
557
Total
£4,869,401
URN
149031
Academy
Yes
St Austin's Catholic Primary School
Details for St Austin's Catholic Primary School
Primary200£6,498£1,299,594104806No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
200
Total
£1,299,594
URN
104806
Academy
No
St Bartholomew's Catholic Primary School
Details for St Bartholomew's Catholic Primary School
Primary283£5,416£1,532,830104815No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
283
Total
£1,532,830
URN
104815
Academy
No
St Cuthbert's Catholic High School
Details for St Cuthbert's Catholic High School
Secondary882£8,562£7,551,341104835No
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
882
Total
£7,551,341
URN
104835
Academy
No
St James' Church of England Primary School
Details for St James' Church of England Primary School
Primary161£6,985£1,124,569146429Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
161
Total
£1,124,569
URN
146429
Academy
Yes
St John Vianney Catholic Primary School
Details for St John Vianney Catholic Primary School
Primary199£6,185£1,230,898104812No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
199
Total
£1,230,898
URN
104812
Academy
No
St Julie's Catholic Primary School
Details for St Julie's Catholic Primary School
Primary220£5,371£1,181,602104819No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
220
Total
£1,181,602
URN
104819
Academy
No
St Mary & St Thomas CofE Primary School
Details for St Mary & St Thomas CofE Primary School
Primary209£7,033£1,469,793142161Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
209
Total
£1,469,793
URN
142161
Academy
Yes
St Mary's Catholic Infant Academy
Details for St Mary's Catholic Infant Academy
Primary149£6,073£904,885150505Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
149
Total
£904,885
URN
150505
Academy
Yes
St Mary's Catholic Junior Academy
Details for St Mary's Catholic Junior Academy
Primary223£5,741£1,280,197150302Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
223
Total
£1,280,197
URN
150302
Academy
Yes
St Mary's Catholic Primary School
Details for St Mary's Catholic Primary School
Primary186£5,442£1,012,139104813No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
186
Total
£1,012,139
URN
104813
Academy
No
St Peter and St Paul Catholic Primary School
Details for St Peter and St Paul Catholic Primary School
Primary203£5,941£1,206,082104810No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
203
Total
£1,206,082
URN
104810
Academy
No
St Peter's CofE Primary School
Details for St Peter's CofE Primary School
Primary229£5,459£1,250,026104801No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
229
Total
£1,250,026
URN
104801
Academy
No
St Teresa's Catholic Primary School, Devon Street
Details for St Teresa's Catholic Primary School, Devon Street
Primary164£7,011£1,149,861104807No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
164
Total
£1,149,861
URN
104807
Academy
No
St Theresa's Catholic Primary School
Details for St Theresa's Catholic Primary School
Primary191£7,106£1,357,264104823No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
191
Total
£1,357,264
URN
104823
Academy
No
St Thomas of Canterbury Catholic Primary School
Details for St Thomas of Canterbury Catholic Primary School
Primary211£5,568£1,174,812104809No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
211
Total
£1,174,812
URN
104809
Academy
No
St. Mary's Catholic Primary Blackbrook
Details for St. Mary's Catholic Primary Blackbrook
Primary362£6,365£2,304,119104802No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
362
Total
£2,304,119
URN
104802
Academy
No
Sutton Manor Community Primary School
Details for Sutton Manor Community Primary School
Primary189£7,163£1,353,838104764No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
189
Total
£1,353,838
URN
104764
Academy
No
Sutton Oak CofE Primary School
Details for Sutton Oak CofE Primary School
Primary273£7,157£1,953,961104791No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
273
Total
£1,953,961
URN
104791
Academy
No
Thatto Heath Community Primary School
Details for Thatto Heath Community Primary School
Primary561£6,840£3,837,229104763No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
561
Total
£3,837,229
URN
104763
Academy
No
The District CofE Primary School
Details for The District CofE Primary School
Primary315£6,745£2,124,738149654Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
315
Total
£2,124,738
URN
149654
Academy
Yes
The Sutton Academy
Details for The Sutton Academy
Secondary1,336£8,172£10,917,909136141Yes
Phase
Secondary
Pupils
1,336
Total
£10,917,909
URN
136141
Academy
Yes
Wargrave CofE Primary School
Details for Wargrave CofE Primary School
Primary370£6,389£2,363,975104787No
Phase
Primary
Pupils
370
Total
£2,363,975
URN
104787
Academy
No
Willow Tree Primary School
Details for Willow Tree Primary School
Primary183£7,199£1,317,500150877Yes
Phase
Primary
Pupils
183
Total
£1,317,500
URN
150877
Academy
Yes

Total is the school’s core schools block allocation plus pupil premium, the universal infant free school meals and PE and sport grants, and the teachers’ pay, National Insurance and schools budget support grants, as DfE lists them. Per pupil divides it by the school’s pupils. Each school’s record on the Get Information about Schools register is found by its URN.

Source: Department for Education, School funding statistics, Financial year 2025-26: national time series and school-level allocations, published 29 January 2026.

What these figures do and don't show

  • Different measures at each level. The UK and nation totals are HM Treasury’s spending on education by function. Below them are each publisher’s own measures: DfE’s core schools budget, each authority’s schools block, councils’ net education spending. They are not expected to add up to the level above.
  • England is not the UK. Education is devolved. The schools block, school allocations, the school workforce, apprenticeships and the student loan book shown here are England’s, and are never added to UK or other nations’ figures.
  • Per pupil is not comparable across nations. England’s schools block, Wales’s figures and Scotland’s council spending per pupil measure different things, so each authority is compared only with its own nation.
  • Student loans are lending, not spending. The money lent, repaid and still owed is shown beside the spending, not added to it. Only the part not expected to be repaid counts as spending, on the basis the Office for National Statistics introduced in 2018.
  • Nothing here shows cause and effect. Pupils per teacher, apprenticeship starts and other figures are shown alongside the money, not as its result. Areas differ in deprivation, sparsity, pupils with special needs and costs, which is why funding per pupil differs.
  • Allocations are not spending. School-level figures are what each school was allocated for the year, not what it spent; the latest schools block year is provisional.

Where this sits: United Kingdom → England → Department for Education: total departmental expenditure limit → State-funded schools in England: core funding for pupils aged 5 to 16 → St Helens. Figures from data/services/education.json, generated 29 September 2026.

Use this data

The figures belong to the bodies that published them and are used under their terms, listed in Sources for this page; most are Crown copyright under the Open Government Licence. Only our own words, analysis, charts and derived calculations are ours, published under CC BY 4.0: reuse them, including commercially, if you credit Tekstak Ltd and link back to this page.

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Sources for this page

Each source's figures are used under the licence shown. Our own words, analysis, charts and derived calculations are ours, under CC BY 4.0.

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